Passage 23 战术在世界第一次大战中的作用
Although much has been written about World War I , the strategic lessons of that conflict forwarfare have not been fully comprehended. Never was the dependence of strategy on statecraft moreclearly demonstrated. As political circumstances of the war changed, strategy changed. The CentralPowers, led by Germany and Austria-Hungary, never had a common plan of campaign or effective uni-ty of command. The Allied side achieved unity only under necessity. Along with the military factors,economic and psychological considerations proved important in conducting the war and gaining victory.Although the aim of annihilating the enemy was paramount with both sides-especially in the openingcampaigns-the desire to exhaust him also influenced strategy.

Military leaders in World War I had to master three basic factors in strategic calculations: massesof men, technological advances, and wide areas. The movement of huge masses became an art in it-self, for armies had taken on unprecedented dimensions. Millions of men were in action. Railroads andmotor transport became important not only for concentrations but also for establishing new strategicpoints on the fronts themselves. The arena of war embraced whole continents. Battles lasted for daysand weeks, and the fighting continued even after the great battles were over.

New weapons came into play. New means of communication--telephone, radio telegraphy, theautomobile, and the airplane--promoted faster execution of orders and unified command over widely scattered forces. The overwhelming firepower of modem weapons checked the effectiveness of the at- tack, long considered the ideal path to victory. The tank, however, offered fresh possibilities in re-dressing the balance between the defensive and the offensive. Tactics became more than ever a prelude and conditioning factor of strategy, since without freedom of movement, strategy was only an academ- ic exercise. Tactics came to mark the beginning rather than the conclusion of an operation.

There were also larger strategic influences at work. War was becoming increasingly total and cut deeper into the life of the nation. Some of the foremost leaders and students of World War I --notably Winston Churchill--recognized that military strategy had become but a part of a greater national strat- egy. It was widely quoted that war was too-important a business to be left to soldiers. More than ever strategy and politics would have to be correlated. The increasing totality of modem war would have to be matched by a broader national strategy.

阅读理解
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The analysis of WW I B. The leaders in WW I
C. The importance of strategy in WW I D. Fighting in WW I

2. The word "unprecedented" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to________.
A. unexpected B. unpredictable
C. extraordinary D. unthinkable

3. In W-gq I , leaders of the army should consider all the following factors except_________.
A. quantity of soldiers B. technological advances
C. wide battle field D. quality of soldiers

4.What does the sentence "war was too important a business to be left to soldiers" in the last para-
graph mean?
A. War is so important a business, soldiers should be careful.
B. War is so important a business, army leaders should not only depend on soldiers.
C. War is not so important as to be left to soldiers.
D. War is a business and should be done by businessmen.

词汇注释
1. strategic 战略的,战略上的 2. comprehend 领会，理解，包括(包含), 由...组成
3. statecraft 管理国家的本领 4. Austria-Hungary 奥匈帝国
5. military 军事的，军用的 6. psychological 心理(上)
7. consideration 体谅，考虑，需要考虑的事项，报酬
8. annihilate 消灭，歼灭 9. paramount 极为重要的
10. campaign 战役，(政治或商业性)活动，竞选运动
Il.mass 5块，大多数，质量，群众，大量 12. unprecedented 空前的
13 concentration 集中，集合，专心，浓缩，浓度 14. arena 竞技场
15. embrace 包含 16. telegraphy 电信技术
17. scatter 分散，散开，撒开，驱散 18. overwhelming 压倒性的，无法抵抗
19. redress 赔偿，救济，矫正 20. prelude 先驱，前奏，序幕
21. Churchill 邱吉尔(Winston L.S., 1874-- 1965, 英国政治家及作家, 1940 -- 1945,1951 -- 1955
两度任首相，1953 年诺贝尔文学奖得主)
难句翻译
1，Although much has been written about World War I，the strategic lessons Of that conflict for warfare have not been fully comprehended．
虽然人们已经写许多关于第一次世界大战的书籍，但是那次战争中总结出来的战略教训尚未被完全理解。

2．Military leaders in World War l had tO master three basic factors in strategic calculations：massesOfmen，technological advances，andwideareas．
第一次世界大战中的军事将领在战略中要考虑三大基本因素：军队人数；科技的进步；广阔的战区。

3，The movement Of huge masses became an art in itself，for armies had taken On unprecedented dimensions．
因为军队的规模空前壮大，所以无比庞大队伍的指挥本身就是一门艺术。

4，It Was widely quoted that war was too important a business tO be left tO soldiers．
有一句话，被人们广为引用，那就是战争如此重要，不能仅仅靠土兵。

答案详解
1．(C) 文章主要是在讨论什么?

战略在第一次世界大战中的作用。
该题是主旨大意题。综观全文，作者谈论战略在第一次世界大战中的重要性。所以C正确。答案A，第—次世界大战分析；答案B，第一次世界大战中的领导者；答案D，在第一次世界大战中参战。根据全文内容，这三个答案都是不正确的。

2．(C) 在第二段中"unprecedented"和____词义最为接近。
非比寻常的。
该题是词汇题。A，意外的；B，不可预知的；C，非比寻常的；D，想象不到的。见该段第二句：因为军队的规模空前壮大，所以无比庞大队伍的指挥本身就是一门艺术。所以答案是C。

3．(D) 在第一次世界大战中，军队将领将考虑下面所有因素，除了____。
士兵的质量。
该题是细节题。见第二段第一句：第一次世界大战中的军事将领在战略中要考虑三大基本因素：军队人数；科技的进步；广阔的战区。所以答案A，军人的数量；B，科技的进步；C，辽阔的战场；都是将领该考虑的问题。而答案D，军人的质量，是很重要，但它并非三大基本因素之一。

4．(B) 最后一段中“war Was too important a business tO be left tO soldiers"是什么含义?
战争如此重要，因此军事将领不能仅仅靠士兵。
该题是句意判断题。整句的翻译是：有一句话，被人们广为引用，那就是战争如此重要，不能仅仅靠士兵.所以B是正确答案。答案A，战争是如此重要，军人应该小心；答案C，战争不至重要到要靠军人；答案D，战争是一种生意，所以应该由生意人来做。这三个答案和文章内容不符。